Effectiveness and Ethics of Incentives for Research Participation: 2 Randomized Clinical Trials.

Importance: Incentivizing research participation is controversial and variably regulated because of uncertainty regarding whether financial incentives serve as undue inducements by diminishing peoples' sensitivity to research risks or unjust inducements by preferentially increasing enrollment among underserved individuals. Objective: To determine whether incentives improve enrollment in real randomized clinical trials (RCTs) or serve as undue or unjust inducements. Design, Setting, and Participants: Two RCTs of incentives that were embedded in 2 parent RCTs, 1 comparing smoking cessation interventions (conducted at smoking cessation clinics in 2 health systems) and 1 evaluating an ambulation intervention (conducted across wards of the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania) included all persons eligible for the parent trials who did not have prior knowledge of the incentives trials. Recruitment occurred from September 2017 to August 2019 for the smoking trial and January 2018 through May 2019 for the ambulation trial; data were analyzed from January 2020 to July 2020. Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned to incentives of $0, $200, or $500 for participating in the smoking cessation trial and $0, $100, or $300 for the ambulation trial. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome of each incentive trial was the proportion of people assigned to each recruitment strategy that consented to participate. Each trial was powered to test the hypotheses that incentives served neither as undue inducements (based on the interaction between incentive size and perceived research risk, as measured using a 10-point scale, on the primary outcome), nor unjust inducements (based on the interaction between incentive size and participants' self-reported income). Noninferiority methods were used to test whether the data were compatible with these 2 effects of incentives and superiority methods to compare the primary and other secondary outcomes. Results: There were a total of 654 participants (327 women [50.0%]; mean [SD] age, 50.6 [12.1] years; 394 Black/African American [60.2%], 214 White [32.7%], and 24 multiracial individuals [3.7%]) in the smoking trial, and 642 participants (364 women [56.7%]; mean [SD] age, 46.7 [15.6] years; 224 Black/African American [34.9%], 335 White [52.2%], and 5 multiracial individuals [0.8%]) in the ambulation trial. Incentives significantly increased consent rates among those in the smoking trial in 47 of 216 (21.8%), 78 of 217 (35.9%), and 104 of 221 (47.1%) in the $0, $200, and $500 groups, respectively (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for each increase in incentive, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.34-2.17; P < .001). Incentives did not increase consent among those in the ambulation trial: 98 of 216 (45.4%), 102 of 212 (48.1%), and 92 of 214 (43.0%) in the $0, $100, and $300 groups, respectively (aOR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.64-1.22; P = .45). In neither trial was there evidence of undue or unjust inducement (upper confidence limits of ORs for undue inducement, 1.15 and 0.99; P < .001 showing noninferiority; upper confidence limits of ORs for unjust inducement, 1.21 and 1.26; P = .01 and P < .001, respectively). There were no significant effects of incentive size on the secondary outcomes in either trial, including time spent reviewing the risk sections of consent forms, perceived research risks, trial understanding, perceived coercion, or therapeutic misconceptions. Conclusions and Relevance: In these 2 randomized clinical trials, financial incentives increased trial enrollment in 1 of 2 trials and did not produce undue or unjust inducement or other unintended consequences in either trial. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02697799.

The effect of pre-training of abstract stimuli to exert control over tact and mand responses on stimulus equivalence class formation

Recent studies show that the formation of stimulus equivalence classes can be enhanced by meaningful stimuli. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether acquired meaningfulness, through pre-training of meaningless stimuli to exert control over tact or mand responses, would enhance stimulus equivalence class formation. Participants were eighteen university students aging 18-over 40 that were alternately assigned to either the Tact (n= 9) or the Mand Group (n= 9). Participants in all groups received a card sorting test following either a tact or mand pre-training. They then received training and testing procedures to establish three 3-node 5-member equivalence classes under the simultaneous protocol. After serialized training of AB, BC, CD, and DE relations, all probes used to assess the emergence of symmetrical, transitive, and equivalence relations were presented for two test blocks. Lastly, the card sorting procedure was repeated. Results showed that the pre-training of abstract stimuli to exert control over tact and mand responses did not produce equivalence class enhancement. Future studies should further investigate the relationship between the verbal properties of meaningful stimuli and the formation of stimulus equivalence classes

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Ratio de la longitud de los dedos segundo y cuarto (índice digital) en fumadores / Ratio of the length of the second and fourth fingers (digital index) in smokers

INTRODUCCIÓN: La ratio entre la longitud del segundo y cuarto dedos (2D:4D; índice digital) es diferente en mujeres y hombres, y está relacionada con el grado de exposición a andrógenos en el periodo prenatal. Este índice se ha asociado con rasgos de la conducta y diversas enfermedades, incluido el consumo tóxico de alcohol; sin embargo, no se ha estudiado directamente la relación entre este índice y las características de adicción al tabaco. El objetivo ha sido evaluar en fumadores la relación del índice digital con la intensidad del consumo de tabaco, su nivel de adicción y la motivación para dejar de fumar. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron en el estudio 104 voluntarios fumadores, 51 mujeres (49%) y 53 hombres. Se registró el índice digital de ambas manos. Se analizó su diferencia según sexo (prueba U de Mann-Whitney) y su posible asociación con el consumo de tabaco y puntuaciones de los test de dependencia de Fagerström y de motivación de Richmond (coeficiente Rho de Spearman). RESULTADOS: No se observó correlación estadísticamente significativa entre los índices digitales y las variables analizadas, tanto analizando a todos los participantes en conjunto como en el análisis separado por sexo. La única correlación con un valor de p inferior a 0,10 fue la establecida entre el índice digital derecho en hombres y el test de Fagerström (rho=0,231; p =0,09). CONCLUSIONES: No hay una correlación entre el índice digital 2D:4D (reflejo de la exposición androgénica fetal) y las características del consumo del tabaco

INTRODUCTION: The length of the second and fourth finger ratio (2D:4D; digital index) is different in women and men, and is related to the degree of exposure to androgens in the prenatal period. This index has been associated with behavioural traits and various diseases including toxic alcohol consumption; however, the relationship between this index and tobacco addiction characteristics has not been studied directly. The objective has been to evaluate in smokers the relationship of the digital index with the intensity of tobacco consumption, their level of addiction and the motivation to stop smoking. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 104 volunteer smokers, 51 women (49%) and 53 men were included in the study. The digital index of both hands was recorded. The difference was analysed according to sex (Mann-Whitney U test) and its possible association with tobacco consumption, Fagerström dependence and Richmond motivation test scores (Spearman Rho coefficient). RESULTS: No statistically significant correlation was observed between the digital indices and the variables analysed, both analysing all participants together and, in the sex, -segregated analysis. The only correlation with a p value of less than 0.10 was the one established between the right digital index in men and the Fagerström test (rho=0.231; p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: There is no correlation between the 2D:4D digital index (reflection of foetal androgen exposure) and the characteristics of tobacco use

Perspectivas profissionais e motivações de estudantes de Medicina para atuação na Estratégia Saúde da Família / Professional perspectives and motivations of Medicine students to work with Family Health Strategy / Perspectivas profesionales y motivaciones de estudiantes de Medicina para actuación en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia

Este estudo objetiva caracterizar aspectos motivacionais de futuros médicos relativos às perspectivas profissionais e atuação na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) e as estratégias indutoras do projeto político-pedagógico (PPP) dos cursos. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo-exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, com 31 estudantes de Medicina de duas instituições de ensino. Os dados foram coletados a partir da análise dos PPPs e de entrevista. O material empírico foi analisado pela técnica de análise de conteúdo, à luz do referencial da Teoria da Autodeterminação. Emergiram três categorias analíticas: motivação intrínseca, motivação extrínseca e desmotivação. Os resultados demonstraram a ESF como oportunidade de trabalho temporário, com ideologia que cativa os acadêmicos, mas a ação das forças motivadoras extrínsecas resulta na não escolha da área para carreira. É fundamental explorar, nos estudantes, o potencial motivacional intrínseco, desenvolvendo estratégias para romper barreiras que limitam a escolha pela ESF.(AU)

This study aims at describing the motivational aspects of future doctors as to their professional perspectives of working in Family Health Strategy (ESF) and the inducing strategies of the course's Political and Pedagogical Project (PPP). This descriptive and exploratory study of qualitative approach was conducted with 31 Medicine students of two education institutions. Data were collected based on the PPP analysis and through interview. The empirical material was reviewed using the content analysis technique based on the Self-determination Theory. Three analytical categories emerged: intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and demotivation. The results showed ESF is a temporary job opportunity with an ideology that captivates academics. However, extrinsic motivations end up forcing students not to choose the area as a career. It is essential to explore the intrinsic motivational potential of students developing strategies to overcome barriers that limit choosing ESF as a career path.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar aspectos motivacionales de futuros médicos relativos a las perspectivas profesionales y actuación en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF) y las estrategias inductores del Proyecto Político Pedagógico (PPP) de los cursos. Estudio descriptivo-exploratorio, de abordaje cualitativo, con 31 estudiantes de Medicina de dos instituciones de enseñanza. Los datos se colectaron a partir del análisis de los PPP y por entrevista. El material empírico se analizó por la técnica de análisis de contenido, a la luz del referencial de la Teoría de la Autodeterminación. Surgieron tres categorías analíticas: motivación intrínseca, motivación extrínseca y desmotivación. Los resultados demostraron la ESF como oportunidad de trabajo temporal con ideología que cautiva a los académicos, pero la acción de las fuerzas motivadoras extrínsecas resulta en la no elección del área para carrera. Es fundamental explorar, en los estudiantes, el potencial motivacional intrínseco, desarrollando estrategias para romper barreras que limitan la elección por la ESF.(AU)

Evaluation of motivation for the treatment of drug addicts with personality disorders

Lack of motivation for the treatment of drug addiction is associated with dropout and relapses. Further, personality disorders (PD) have traditionally been linked to low motivation and therapeutic failure. Thus, the present study aims to analyze the structure of the Motivation for Treatment Questionnaire (MTQ-8), as well as to determine differences in motivation due to the presence of PD and the impact of psychological adjustment on motivation. The sample included 125 patients (84% male) who started a treatment for their addiction to cocaine and alcohol. Rasch analysis was applied for the first objective, and means contrast and regression analysis for the others. The two subscales of the MTQ-8 fit the Rasch model, with appropriate psychometric characteristics when merging Items 5 and 7. The presence of PD was not associated with reduced motivation. Motivation for treatment was greater when abstinence was less than three weeks, and psychological distress predicted motivation for treatment. The present study confirms that MTQ-8 subscales are suitable for measuring motivation for treatment and readiness for change in drug-dependent patients. It is noted that the presence of PD should not be associated with a lower level of motivation, and that psychological distress influences motivation

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College women's physical activity, health-related quality of life, and physical fitness: a self-determination perspective.

This study applied self-determination theory to examine Chinese college women motivational profiles and their association with physical activity involvement, health-related quality of life, and physical fitness. 292 Chinese college women completed questionnaires assessing relevant psychological constructs and physical activity involvement. Their physical fitness was measured based on the China National Fitness Test Program including body shape, pulmonary function, and body fitness. A two-step cluster analysis determined the profiles that resulted from the interactions among motivation variables reflecting the degree of self-determination. Four distinct clusters of college women were identified: low self-determination/high control, low combination, high combination, and high self-determination/low control. There were significant differences among the clusters in physical activity involvement (p < .01, η2 = .11), health-related quality of life (p < .01, η2 = .18), and physical fitness (p < .01, η2 = .04). Findings support the importance of developing self-determination in Chinese college women' physical activity, fitness and health-related quality of life.

Elementos potenciadores de la satisfacción por compasión en profesionales sociosanitarios / Enhancer elements of compassion satisfaction in healthcare professionals

Objetivo: análisis de la influencia de estilos de apego, autocompasión, vocación, demanda asistencial, satisfacción de cuidar, satisfacción con el trabajo y burnout sobre la satisfacción por compasión (SC) en profesionales sociosanitarios. Método: Contestaron al cuestionario online 480 profesionales sociosanitarios asistencialmente activos. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, de experiencia laboral, burnout y satisfacción por compasión (Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida ProQoL), autocompasión (de Neff) y estilos de apego (Cuestionario de Relación). Se analizaron correlaciones, diferencias de medias, regresión lineal múltiple (RLM) y análisis cualitativo de la descripción emocional del trabajo. Resultados: El 79,6% (382) fueron mujeres, edad media de 44,6 (DT=10,86). Resultó significativamente (p<,001) mayor la puntuación SC que burnout. El modelo de SC explicó un 51,5% de la varianza (R2corregida=0,515); como variables predictoras (p<,001), satisfacción de cuidar personas (Beta=,309), vocación (Beta=,184), autoamabilidad (Beta=,158) y burnout (Beta=-,306). Conclusiones: sobre la satisfacción por compasión, directamente influye la satisfacción de cuidar personas, vocación, autoamabilidad y ausencia de burnout. Indirectamente también, la capacidad de atención plena, sentimientos de humanidad compartida, vínculo de apego seguro y satisfacción con el equipo de trabajo. También son factores protectores ante burnout, que se relaciona directamente con estilos de apego preocupado, temeroso y falta de autocompasión; autocrítica, sobreidentificación y aislamiento

Objective: analysis of adult attachment styles, self-compassion, vocation, health care demands, caring satisfaction, job satisfaction and burnout on compassion satisfaction (CS) in healthcare professionals. Method: An online questionnaire was answered by 480 assistentially active healthcare professionals. Variables collected were socio-demographic, work experience, burnout and compassion satisfaction (ProQoL Quality of Life Questionnaire), self-compassion (by Neff), and attachment styles (Relation Questionnaire). Correlations, mean differences, multiple linear regression (MLR) and qualitative analysis of the emotional description of the job were analyzed. Results: A 79,6% (382) were women, age average 44,6 (DT = 10,86). CS score resulted significantly (p<,001) higher than burnout. Model for CS explained a 51.5% of the variability (correctedR2=,515); as predictor variables (p<,001), caring satisfaction (Beta=,309), vocation (Beta=,184), self-kindness (Beta=,158) and burnout (Beta=,306). Conclusions: compassion satisfaction is directly influenced by people caring satisfaction, vocation, self-kindness and absence of burnout. Indirectly also, by mindfulness capacity, feelings of common humanity, secure attachment style and satisfaction with the team. These also are preventing factors from burnout, that is directly related to concerned and fearful attachment styles and lack of self-compassion; self-judgement, over-identification and isolation

Efectividad de una Intervención Breve sobre motivación antitabáquica en usuarios drogodependientes ingresados en una UHD / Effectiviness of a Brief Intervention on anti-smoking motivation in drug addict patients staying in a UHD

Justificación: Existe una asociación entre tabaquismo y TUS, especialmente con alcohol y cannabis. Sin embargo, las intervenciones sanitarias parecen no ir encaminadas a su enfoque.Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de motivación para el abandono tabáquico tras realizar una intervención psicoeducativa breve sobre abordaje del tabaquismo.Metodología: Se trata de una investigación cuantitativa de tipo analítico cuasiexperimental que se lleva a cabo mediante dos cohortes experimentales, del tipo pre- y post-intervención. Se aplica una intervención breve educativa y se evalúan las diferencias en la motivación para el abandono tabáquico en un grupo antes de la intervención y en otro grupo después de la misma. Resultados: Existe una diferencia de 1,27 puntos en el grado de motivación encontrado en los individuos respecto a los grupos experimentales. Conclusiones: Las personas drogodependientes son fumadoras con altos grados de dependencia nicotínica por lo que es preciso diseñar estrategias de cesación adecuadas

Justification: There is a connection between smoking and substances use disorder, especially alcohol and cannabis. Nevertheless, health interventions seem not to be addressed to this approach. Objective: Evaluation of the motivation degree for the smoking quit after developing a brief psycho-educational intervention on smoking.Methodology: It is a quantitative research of analytical type, almost experimental, developed by means of two experimental series, of the types pre- and post- intervention. A brief educational intervention is applied and there is an evaluation of the differences in the motivation for the smoking quit in a group before the intervention and in another one after the intervention. Results: There is a difference of 1,27 points in the degree of motivation found in the individuals regarding the experimental groups. Conclusions: Drug addict people are smokers with a high degree of nicotinic dependence, so it is necessary to design suitable strategies of quitting

Adaptação transcultural do Empowering Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire para a língua portuguesa e análise da invariância em atletas masculinos brasileiros e portugueses / Adaptación transcultural del Empowering Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire para el portugués y el análisis de la invarianza en los atletas masculinos brasileños y portugués / Cross-cultural adaptation of Empowering Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire for Portuguese language and analysis of invariance in Brazilian and Portuguese male athletes

O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de proceder à tradução e adaptação transcultural do "Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire-Coach" (EDMCQ-C) para a língua portuguesa e analisar a invariância da sua estrutura fatorial, quando aplicado a atletas brasileiros e portugueses. A amostra foi constituída por 963 atletas do sexo masculino, praticantes de diferentes desportos (andebol, basquetebol, futebol, futsal e voleibol), com idades compreendidas entre os 11 e os 24 anos (M = 15.04 ± 1.88), sendo 553 brasileiros (M = 15.81 ± 1.91) e 410 portugueses (M = 13.94 ± 1.30). Através do recurso à Análise Fatorial Confirmatória, foi possível verificar a existência de bons índices de ajustamento ao modelo teórico examinado, com uma solução reduzida constituída por 15 itens, distribuídos pelos cinco fatores do instrumento original (χ2/df = 2.38; CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.96; SRMR = 0.03; RMSEA = 0.04). Complementarmente, a invariância do modelo de medida, quando aplicado a atletas brasileiros e portugueses, foi avaliada através da comparação do modelo com pesos fatoriais fixos e o modelo com coeficientes estruturais livres, tendo o resultado sido de DELTACFI = 0.01. Em conformidade, os resultados encontrados suportam a sugestão de que a versão adaptada para a língua portuguesa do EDMCQ-C evidencia boas propriedades psicométricas, podendo, portanto, constituir-se como uma ferramenta útil para avaliar as perceções de atletas brasileiros e portugueses sobre o clima motivacional que lhes é proporcionado pelos seus treinadores

El objetivo de este estudio fue la adaptación transcultural de la versión en portugués del "Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire-Coach" (EDMCQ-C), que evalúa la percepción de los atletas en el clima motivacional proporcionada por el entrenador, e investigar la invariancia factorial entre brasileños y portugueses. La muestra consistía en 963 atletas hombres, practicantes de diferentes deportes (balonmano, baloncesto, fútbol, fustal y voleibol) con edades entre 11 y 24 años (M = 14,15 ± 1.88), de los cuales 553 eran brasileños (M = 15,81 ± 1,91) y 410 atletas portugueses (M = 13,94 ± 1,30). Mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio fue posible verificar índices de ajuste aceptables al modelo teórico tanto para portugueses (χ2 / df = 1,67, CFI = 0,92, TLI = 0,91; SRMR = 0.06; RMSEA = 0:04) cuanto para brasileños (χ2 / df = 1.92, CFI = 0.90, TLI = 0.89, SRMR = 0.05, RMSEA = 0.04). Los resultados también mostraron que el modelo de medición es invariante entre atletas portuguesas y brasileñas (DELTACFI <0,01). En conclusión, el instrumento puede ser una herramienta útil para analizar la percepción de los atletas brasileños y portugueses al clima motivacional proporcionado por el entrenador

The aim of the present study was to carry out the cross-cultural adaptation of the Portuguese version of "Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate" (EDMCQ-C), which evaluates the athletes' perception the motivational climate provided by the coach and to examine the factorial invariance between Brazilians and Portuguese. The sample was composed by 963 male athletes from different sports (handball, basketball, soccer, futsal and volleyball), aged between 11 and 24 (M = 15.04 ± 1.88), of whom 553 were Brazilian (M = 15.81 ± 1.91) and 410 Portuguese athletes (M = 13.94 ± 1.30). The results of the confirmatory factorial analysis found satisfactory adjustment indices of the model for both portuguese (χ2/df = 1.67; CFI = 0.92; TLI = 0.91; SRMR = 0.06; RMSEA = 0.04) and brazilian (χ2/df = 1.92; CFI = 0.90; TLI = 0.89; SRMR = 0.05; RMSEA = 0.04). The results also showed that the model of measurement was invariant between Brazilian and Portuguese athletes (DELTACFI <0.01). In conclusion, the instrument used can be a useful to analyze the perception of Brazilian and Portuguese athletes for the motivational climate provided by the coach

Efectos de un programa de intervención sobre el estilo interpersonal de entrenadores de fútbol base / Effects of an intervention program on the interpersonal style of football coaches / Efeitos de um programa de intervenção sobre o estilo interpessoal dos treinadores de futebol

El objetivo de este estudio era analizar los efectos de un programa de formación sobre la conducta verbal de entrenadores de fútbol base no cualificados. El programa estaba basado en el fomento de estrategias motivacionales y metodológicas para optimizar las necesidades psicológicas básicas de los deportistas, aumentando las conductas relacionadas a un estilo interpersonal de apoyo y, reduciendo las conductas asociadas a un estilo interpersonal controlador. Participaron ocho entrenadores distribuidos intencionadamente en dos grupos: grupo experimental (n = 4) y grupo control (n = 4). Tras la observación del estilo interpersonal de los entrenadores (pre y post) mediante un instrumento creado a propósito para el estudio, no se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos, aunque los resultados del grupo experimental demostraron una tendencia positiva entre la medida pre-intervención y la post-intervención. Por tanto, el programa resulta eficaz pero no en la medida que se esperaba, por lo que es preciso seguir investigando en esta línea de trabajo

The main objective of this study was to analyze the effects of a training program on the verbal behavior of unskilled youth football coaches without training and academic qualification (related with physical and sport training). The program was based on the promotion of motivational and methodological strategies with the purpose of optimizing the athletes' basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness, through an interpersonal style of support and, in turn, reducing the controlling behaviors. Participated eight coaches intentionally distributed in two groups: experimental group (n = 4) and control group (n = 4). After observing of the interpersonal style of the coaches (pre and post) by an instrument created on purpose for the study, there was not significant differences in the extent post-intervention between groups, regarding the repeated measures analysis of the experimental group there are improvements between pre-intervention and post-intervention measure. Therefore, the program is effective but not to the extent expected, so it is necessary to continue research in this line of work

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos de uma intervenção no comportamento verbal de treinadores sem formação federativa e acadêmica relacionada à atividade física e desporto. O programa foi baseado na promoção de estratégias motivacionais e metodológicas para otimizar as necessidades psicológicas básicas dos atletas de autonomia, competência e relações sociais, através de um estilo de apoio interpessoal e reduzindo os comportamentos controladores. Oito treinadores participaram intencionalmente e foram distribuídos em dois grupos: grupo experimental (n = 4) e grupo de controlo (n = 4). Depois de observar o estilo interpessoal dos treinadores (pré e pós) através de um instrumento criado para o propósito do estudo, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos, embora os resultados do grupo experimental tenham mostrado uma tendência positiva entre a medida pré-intervenção e a pós-intervenção. Portanto, o programa é eficaz, mas não na medida esperada, sendo por isso necessária mais investigação neste âmbito

Exploring the importance of coaches in the development of the sports career in Handball. The perception of athletes from higher and lower levels of success / Explorando la importancia de los entrenadores en el desarrollo de la carrera deportiva en Balonmano. La percepción de los atletas de niveles superiores e inferiores de éxito / Explorando a importância dos treinadores no desenvolvimento da carreira desportiva no Andebol. A perceção dos atletas de diferentes níveis de sucesso

Our study aims to analyse the perception of elite handball players, belonging to generations with different levels of success, on: i) how they characterize their most important club and national team coach; ii) how they characterize their preferential coach in the different stages of their sports career (Bloom, 1985). Fourteen athletes were interviewed based on the interview protocol of Gould, Dieffenbach and Moffett (2002). In the specialization years, the most successful athletes reported that they had one coach in the club, and at the same time a national team coach, that permanently marked their sports career and their personality. All athletes reported that detailed knowledge about the sport was the most important characteristic of their most important club and national team coaches, throughout the specialization years in addition to a strong insistence on perfection. According to the perception of the most successful athletes, their reference coaches taught directly and indirectly (caring, paying attention, shaping the personality) and also emphasized expectations, hard work, discipline and the attitude that hard work pays off. In addition, both club and national team coaches devoted their time to the planning of individualized training programs, particularly in the specializations years

Nuestro estudio investigó la percepción de los jugadores de balonmano de élite, pertenecientes a equipos nacionales que durante las primeras etapas de su carrera han tenido éxito similar, pero con diferentes niveles de éxito a nivel senior, sobre el entrenador del equipo nacional y del club que más los influencio. Catorce atletas fueron entrevistados según el protocolo de Gould, Dieffenbach y Moffett (2002). En los años de especialización (Bloom, 1985), los atletas más exitosos informaron que han tenido un entrenador en el club y un entrenador del equipo nacional, que marcó permanentemente su carrera deportiva y su personalidad. Según ellos, estos entrenadores, enseñaron directa e indirectamente (cuidando, prestando atención individual), enfatizaron sus expectativas, y la actitud que el trabajo duro compensa. Se concluye que el entrenador parece desempeñar un papel determinante en el desarrollo de los atletas, destacando así la importancia de promover y salvaguardar la calidad de su formación

Este estudo investigou a perceção de jogadores de andebol, pertencentes às seleções nacionais que durante as primeiras etapas das suas carreiras tiveram o mesmo nível de êxito, mas com diferente nível de sucesso no escalão sénior, sobre o selecionador nacional e o treinador do clube que mais os marcaram. Foram entrevistados catorze atletas com base no protocolo de Gould, Dieffenbach e Moffett (2002). Os resultados demonstram que nos anos de especialização (Bloom, 1985), os atletas de maior sucesso mencionaram que tiveram um treinador e um selecionador, que marcou permanentemente a sua carreira desportiva e a sua personalidade. Segundo eles, os seus treinadores de referência ensinavam direta e indiretamente (cuidando, prestando atenção individual), enfatizavam as suas expectativas e a atitude que o trabalho duro compensa. Conclui-se que o treinador parece desempenhar um papel determinante no desenvolvimento dos atletas, destacando assim a importância de promover e salvaguardar a qualidade da sua formação

La intencionalidad de la acción en el proceso motivacional humano / The intentionality of action on the human motivational process

Resumen El presente escrito se propone analizar el papel de la intención como unidad de análisis que permite comprender y explicar el funcionamiento psíquico individual, lo cual se expresa a través del proceso conocido como condicionamiento intencional (Esteban-Guitart, 2013). Se propone que este funcionamiento psíquico individual de tipo intencional se sustenta sobre la formación de un sentido subjetivo acerca de la acción (González-Rey, 2010), y se hacen algunas hipótesis acerca del proceso que sigue su formación a través de las diversas fases del ciclo motivacional, de acuerdo con evidencia empírica proveniente de diversas fuentes. El aspecto diferencial de este escrito es que toma al modelo de Rubicón de la Acción (Heckhausen & Gollwitzer, 1987) como marco de análisis del proceso motivacional, para especificar los factores que, en cada fase del proceso, tanto en su etapa propiamente motivacional como en su etapa volitiva, subyacen a la formación de ese sentido subjetivo que da origen a la intención de actuar y mantiene a la persona en la ejecución de la acción hasta obtener el resultado esperado. Se concluye hipotéticamente que el sentido subjetivo de esas acciones se construye a lo largo de las fases del ciclo motivacional, condensando e integrando en sí mismo representaciones propias de un sentido de utilidad, de control, de valor, de coherencia, de realidad presente, y de tiempo futuro, en relación a una acción determinada.

Abstract The aim of this essay is to analyze the role of intention as a unit of analysis that allows for the understanding and explanation of individual psychic functioning, which is manifested by way of the process known as intentional conditioning (Esteban-Guitart, 2013). It is argued that this individual psychic functioning of an intentional type is sustained on the formation of a subjective sense about action (González-Rey, 2010), and some hypotheses are formulated about the process that follows its formation across the different phases of the motivational cycle, according to empirical evidence from different sources. The differential aspect in this essay is that it takes the Rubicon model of action (Heckhausen & Gollwitzer, 1987) as the framework of analysis of the motivational process in order to specify the factors that, in each phase of the process, both in the properly motivational stage and in the volitional stage, underlie the formation of such subjective sense giving rise to the intention to act and maintaining the individual in the performance of the action until the expected goal is achieved. It is concluded that the subjective sense of those actions is constructed throughout the phases of the motivational cycle, hence assimilating and integrating into itself representations that are proper to a sense of usefulness, control, value, coherence, current reality, and future time, regarding a particular action.

El feedback como herramienta docente en la formación clínica. 1ª parte / Feedback as a teaching tool in clinical training. 1st part

Las 2 preocupaciones más importantes de los tutores y los docentes clínicos son cómo hacer que los residentes y los alumnos se motiven, y cómo ofrecerles feedback de manera constructiva. Además, los docentes clínicos sienten que no tienen conocimientos ni entrenamiento suficiente sobre cómo dar feedback. En este artículo describimos cómo utilizar el feedback de forma que la supervisión resulte una experiencia productiva y estimulante tanto para el aprendiz como para el docente. Revisamos las características básicas que debe poseer un feedback a la vez constructivo y centrado tanto en el que aprende, como en su programa docente; proponemos una sistemática para dar feedback informal en 4 pasos y ofrecemos unos ejemplos para su puesta en escena

The 2 most important concerns of tutors and clinical teachers are how to get residents and students motivated and how to offer feedback constructively. In addition, clinical teachers feel that they do not have enough knowledge or training on how to give feedback. In this article, we describe how to use feedback so that supervision is a productive and stimulating experience for both the learner and the teacher. We review the basic characteristics that a feedback should have to be constructive and focused on the learner and their teaching program at the same time. We propose a systematic structure for giving informal feedback in 4 steps and we offer some examples for its staging

La rueda de motivos: hacia una tabla periódica de la motivación humana / The motivation wheel: toward a periodic table of human motivation

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un nuevo marco teórico de clasificación de la motivación humana que dé una explicación empírica a la variabilidad humana y que sea aplicable al ámbito laboral y la orientación vocacional. El modelo Rueda de Motivos propone 10 dimensiones relativamente independientes entre sí, que se estructuran en dos áreas, Aproximación y Evitación, dando lugar a 5 motivos y otros 5 "contramotivos" que modulan o contrarrestan la expresión de los motivos opuestos. Se aporta la fundamentación teórica de la estructura propuesta, así como evidencias empíricas mediante el cuestionario APM construido a partir del modelo

The aim of this paper is to present a new theoretical framework for the classification of human motivation in order to provide an empirical explanation to human variability that may be applicable in the labor field and for career guidance. The Wheel of Motives model proposes 10 relatively independent dimensions, which are organized into two areas, Approach and Avoidance, giving rise to 5 motives and 5 other "countermotives" that modulate or counteract the expression of the opposing motives. The theoretical basis of the structure of the model is provided, as well as empirical evidence through the APM questionnaire built from the model

Motivations for Volunteering and Its Associations with Time Perspectives and Life Satisfaction: A Latent Profile Approach.

This study aims to examine motivation for volunteering and its association with time perspective and life satisfaction among volunteers ( N = 221). Latent profile analysis was used to profile individuals based on their time perspectives and then to compare group differences in life satisfaction and volunteering motivation. Three profiles were identified. Profile 1 ( n = 32; 14.5%) was a "balanced time perspective group," Profile 2 ( n = 102; 46.2%) was a "maladaptive group," and Profile 3 ( n = 87; 39.3%) was a "nonchalant group." Profile 1 showed the highest life satisfaction compared to the two remaining groups. Significant group differences in volunteering motivation between this group and the other two were also reported. These findings suggest that time perspective may be appropriate for understanding motivation for voluntarism and life satisfaction.

Distinguishing subtypes of extrinsic motivation among people with mild to borderline intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND: According to self-determination theory, motivation is ordered in types, including amotivation, extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation. Self-determination theory defines four subtypes of extrinsic motivation: external motivation, introjected motivation, identified motivation and integrated motivation. Although it has been argued theoretically that the different types of motivation are universally applicable, Reid et al. () proposed a dichotomy of broad subtypes of extrinsic motivation for people with intellectual disability (ID) due to their cognitive limitations. The current study challenges this proposal by testing whether the four subtypes of extrinsic motivation can be differentiated among people with ID as well. METHOD: The subtypes of extrinsic motivation were measured using two adapted versions of the Self-Regulation Questionnaire, one regarding exercise and one regarding support. In total, 186 adults with mild to borderline ID participated in the study. RESULTS: Results supported the distinction between the four subtypes of extrinsic motivation regarding both exercise and support. In addition, the correlation coefficients supported a quasi-simplex pattern of correlations among the subtypes, indicating that adjacent subtypes were more closely related than non-adjacent subtypes. Moreover, the study showed sufficient Cronbach's alphas and test-retest reliabilities for early stage research. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results of the current study provide initial evidence for the universality of the four subtypes of extrinsic motivation across populations with and without ID.

Caracteristicas de la respuesta emocional generada por las palabras: un estudio experimental desde la emoción y la motivación / Characteristics of emotional response generated by words: an experimental study from emotion and motivation

Resumen Los estudios experimentales de la emoción y la motivación se han desarrollado de forma más frecuente con imágenes, sonidos y videos, sin embargo, son pocos los trabajos que han estudiado la respuesta emocional y motivacional ante las palabras, las cuales son estímulos que guían significativamente nuestra interacción social. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue identificar la capacidad que tienen las palabras para generar estados emocionales y las posibles diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Para esto se llevó a cabo un estudio con 232 personas y se utilizaron 15 palabras con contenido afectivo, las cuales fueron evaluadas en las dimensiones de valencia, arousal y dominancia. Los resultados muestran que las palabras agradables, en especial aquellas con contenido sexual generan una valencia apetitiva, alto arousal y alta dominancia, y las palabras desagradables generan una valencia aversiva, bajo arousal y baja dominancia. Solo se encontraron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en la valencia de las palabras desagradables y el arousal de las palabras agradables.

Abstract The experimental studies of emotion and motivation have developed more often with pictures, sounds and videos; however, few studies have addressed the emotional and motivational response to the words, which are stimuli that guide significantly our social interaction. Therefore, the objective of this research was to identify the words capacity to generate emotional states and differences between men and women. For this we conducted a study with 232 persons and used 15 words with affective content which were evaluated in the dimensions of valence, arousal and dominance. The results show that pleasant words, especially those with sexual content generate an appetitive valence, high arousal and high dominance, and unpleasant words generate an aversive valence, low arousal and low dominance. Significant differences between men and women only found in valence of unpleasant words and in arousal of the pleasant words.

Variables predictoras de la percepción del éxito: aspectos diferenciales en corredores de ruta / Predictor variables of the perception of success: differential aspects in route runners

Se pretendía conocer qué relaciones predictivas presentaban la motivación, el compromiso a correr, la adicción negativa a correr y la ansiedad precompetitiva, sobre la percepción del éxito en una amplia muestra de 1795 corredores de fondo en ruta (1105 españoles, 690 mexicanos). De ellos el 85.65% fueron hombres con una edad de M=38.98 (DT=10.45), y 14.35% mujeres, con una edad M=37.88 (DT=9.80). La recogida de datos se llevó a cabo mediante las adaptaciones al castellano del Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ),Motivations of Marathoners Scales-34 (MOMS-34), Commitment to Running Scale-11 (CR-11) y Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R). Se obtuvo que los valores en las orientaciones de meta de los corredores son medios y similares, aunque significativamente mayores en la muestra mexicana, debido a su mayor compromiso y motivaciones, así como a las diferencias culturales entre ambas nacionalidades. Los modelos predictores de la percepción del éxito obtenidos resultaron muy similares por nacionalidades, pero diferenciados por sexos, obteniendo altas varianzas explicativas (AU)

We pretended to find out which predictive relationships would be introduced by motivation, commitment to run, negative addiction to run and pre-competition anxiety, concerning the winning perception of a broad sample of 1795 track long-distance runners (1105 Spanish, 690 Mexicans). Of them, 85.65% were men, ages M=37.88 (SD=10.45) and 14.35% were women, ages M=37.88 (SD=9.80). The data was obtained by adapting to Spanish the following: "Perception of Success Questionnaire" (POSQ), "Motivations of Marathoners Scales-34 (MOMS-34)", Commitment to Running Scale-11 (CR-11) and Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R). The values obtained on the winning orientations of the runners were average and similar, although significantly higher in the Mexican sample, due to their higher commitment and motivation, as well as the cultural differences between these nationalities. The predicting models of the success perception obtained were very similar by nationality, but differentiated by sex, obtaining high explicatory variances (AU)

Apoyo a la autonomía en las clases de educación física: percepción versus realidad / Supporting autonomy in physical education: perception versus reality

Esta investigación se centró, por una parte en la percepción de apoyo a la autonomía en las clases de Educación física, que tienen tanto el alumnado como el profesorado, y por otra, en la coherencia entre percepción y la realidad observada en las clases. Se aplicaron dos escalas al profesorado y al alumnado con el objeto de conocer con qué frecuencia se producen comportamientos instructivos favorables al desarrollo de la autonomía, y se observaron y grabaron en video clases impartidas por el profesorado. Los resultados muestran que la frecuencia de los comportamientos instructivos de apoyo a la autonomía durante la intervención de enseñanza es significativamente menor que la percibida por el alumnado y el profesorado. La realidad observada muestra un perfil de profesorado con gran margen de mejora en comportamientos como: calidad de la comunicación, funcionalidad de las tareas, fomento del pensamiento del alumnado, situaciones en las que el alumnado pueda expresar su opinión sobre las tareas y motivación intrínseca (AU)

This investigation, on the one hand it focuses on students´ and teachers´ perception about autonomy support during Physical Education instruction, and on the other hand, in the coherence between perception and reality observed in the classes. Two scales were administered to determine the frequency of instructional behaviors favoring the development of autonomy, and teacher´s classes were observed and videotaped. The results show that the observed frequency of instructional behavior favoring autonomy support during classes is significantly lower than that perceived by students and teachers. The observed reality reveals a teacher profile with room for improvement in behaviors such as: communication quality, task functionality, promotion of students’ thinking, creation of situations in which students can express their opinions of the tasks, and increasing intrinsic motivation (AU)

Motivation Classification and Grade Prediction for MOOCs Learners.

While MOOCs offer educational data on a new scale, many educators find great potential of the big data including detailed activity records of every learner. A learner's behavior such as if a learner will drop out from the course can be predicted. How to provide an effective, economical, and scalable method to detect cheating on tests such as surrogate exam-taker is a challenging problem. In this paper, we present a grade predicting method that uses student activity features to predict whether a learner may get a certification if he/she takes a test. The method consists of two-step classifications: motivation classification (MC) and grade classification (GC). The MC divides all learners into three groups including certification earning, video watching, and course sampling. The GC then predicts a certification earning learner may or may not obtain a certification. Our experiment shows that the proposed method can fit the classification model at a fine scale and it is possible to find a surrogate exam-taker.